一.低级通信--信号通信
signal.c
#include <signal.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <unistd.h>
/*捕捉到信号sig之后，执行预先预定的动作函数*/
void sig_alarm(int sig)
{
printf("---the signal received is %d. /n", sig)
signal(SIGINT, SIG_DFL)//SIGINT终端中断信号，SIG_DFL：恢复默认行为，SIN_IGN：忽略信号
}
int main()
{
signal(SIGINT, sig_alarm)//捕捉终端中断信号
while(1)
{
printf("waiting here!/n")
sleep(1)
}
return 0
}
二.管道通信
pipe.c
#include <stdio.h>
#define BUFFER_SIZE 30
int main()
{
int x
int fd[2]
char buf[BUFFER_SIZE]
char s[BUFFER_SIZE]
pipe(fd)//创建管道
while((x=fork())==-1)//创建管道失败时，进入循环
/*进入子进程，子进程向管道中写入一个字符串*/
if(x==0)
{
sprintf(buf,"This is an example of pipe!/n")
write(fd[1],buf,BUFFER_SIZE)
exit(0)
}
/*进入父进程，父进程从管道的另一端读出刚才写入的字符串*/
else
{
wait(0)//等待子进程结束
read(fd[0],s,BUFFER_SIZE)//读出字符串，并将其储存在char s[]中
printf("%s",s)//打印字符串
}
return 0
}
三.进程间通信——IPC
①信号量通信
sem.c
#include <unistd.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/ipc.h>
#include <sys/sem.h>
/*联合体变量*/
union semun
{
int val//信号量初始值
struct semid_ds *buf
unsigned short int *array
struct seminfo *__buf
}
/*函数声明，信号量定义*/
static int set_semvalue(void)//设置信号量
static void del_semvalue(void)//删除信号量
static int semaphore_p(void)//执行P操作
static int semaphore_v(void)//执行V操作
static int sem_id//信号量标识符
int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
int i
int pause_time
char op_char = 'O'
srand((unsigned int)getpid())
sem_id = semget((key_t)1234, 1, 0666 | IPC_CREAT)//创建一个信号量,IPC_CREAT表示创建一个新的信号量
/*如果有参数，设置信号量，修改字符*/
if (argc >1)
{
if (!set_semvalue())
{
fprintf(stderr, "Failed to initialize semaphore/n")
exit(EXIT_FAILURE)
}
op_char = 'X'
sleep(5)
}
for(i = 0i <10i++)
{
/*执行P操作*/
if (!semaphore_p())
exit(EXIT_FAILURE)
printf("%c", op_char)
fflush(stdout)
pause_time = rand() % 3
sleep(pause_time)
printf("%c", op_char)
fflush(stdout)
/*执行V操作*/
if (!semaphore_v())
exit(EXIT_FAILURE)
pause_time = rand() % 2
sleep(pause_time)
}
printf("/n%d - finished/n", getpid())
if (argc >1)
{
sleep(10)
del_semvalue()//删除信号量
}
exit(EXIT_SUCCESS)
}
/*设置信号量*/
static int set_semvalue(void)
{
union semun sem_union
sem_union.val = 1
if (semctl(sem_id, 0, SETVAL, sem_union) == -1)
return(0)
return(1)
}
/*删除信号量*/
static void del_semvalue(void)
{
union semun sem_union
if (semctl(sem_id, 0, IPC_RMID, sem_union) == -1)
fprintf(stderr, "Failed to delete semaphore/n")
}
/*执行P操作*/
static int semaphore_p(void)
{
struct sembuf sem_b
sem_b.sem_num = 0
sem_b.sem_op = -1/* P() */
sem_b.sem_flg = SEM_UNDO
if (semop(sem_id, &sem_b, 1) == -1)
{
fprintf(stderr, "semaphore_p failed/n")
return(0)
}
return(1)
}
/*执行V操作*/
static int semaphore_v(void)
{
struct sembuf sem_b
sem_b.sem_num = 0
sem_b.sem_op = 1/* V() */
sem_b.sem_flg = SEM_UNDO
if (semop(sem_id, &sem_b, 1) == -1)
{
fprintf(stderr, "semaphore_v failed/n")
return(0)
}
return(1)
}
②消息队列通信
send.c
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <errno.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/ipc.h>
#include <sys/msg.h>
#define MAX_TEXT 512
/*用于消息收发的结构体--my_msg_type：消息类型，some_text：消息正文*/
struct my_msg_st
{
long int my_msg_type
char some_text[MAX_TEXT]
}
int main()
{
int running = 1//程序运行标识符
struct my_msg_st some_data
int msgid//消息队列标识符
char buffer[BUFSIZ]
/*创建与接受者相同的消息队列*/
msgid = msgget((key_t)1234, 0666 | IPC_CREAT)
if (msgid == -1)
{
fprintf(stderr, "msgget failed with error: %d/n", errno)
exit(EXIT_FAILURE)
}
/*向消息队列中发送消息*/
while(running)
{
printf("Enter some text: ")
fgets(buffer, BUFSIZ, stdin)
some_data.my_msg_type = 1
strcpy(some_data.some_text, buffer)
if (msgsnd(msgid, (void *)&some_data, MAX_TEXT, 0) == -1)
{
fprintf(stderr, "msgsnd failed/n")
exit(EXIT_FAILURE)
}
if (strncmp(buffer, "end", 3) == 0)
{
running = 0
}
}
exit(EXIT_SUCCESS)
}
receive.c
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <errno.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/ipc.h>
#include <sys/msg.h>
/*用于消息收发的结构体--my_msg_type：消息类型，some_text：消息正文*/
struct my_msg_st
{
long int my_msg_type
char some_text[BUFSIZ]
}
int main()
{
int running = 1//程序运行标识符
int msgid//消息队列标识符
struct my_msg_st some_data
long int msg_to_receive = 0//接收消息的类型--0表示msgid队列上的第一个消息
/*创建消息队列*/
msgid = msgget((key_t)1234, 0666 | IPC_CREAT)
if (msgid == -1)
{
fprintf(stderr, "msgget failed with error: %d/n", errno)
exit(EXIT_FAILURE)
}
/*接收消息*/
while(running)
{
if (msgrcv(msgid, (void *)&some_data, BUFSIZ,msg_to_receive, 0) == -1)
{
fprintf(stderr, "msgrcv failed with error: %d/n", errno)
exit(EXIT_FAILURE)
}
printf("You wrote: %s", some_data.some_text)
if (strncmp(some_data.some_text, "end", 3) == 0)
{
running = 0
}
}
/*删除消息队列*/
if (msgctl(msgid, IPC_RMID, 0) == -1)
{
fprintf(stderr, "msgctl(IPC_RMID) failed/n")
exit(EXIT_FAILURE)
}
exit(EXIT_SUCCESS)
}
③共享内存通信
share.h
#define TEXT_SZ 2048 //申请共享内存大小
struct shared_use_st
{
int written_by_you//written_by_you为1时表示有数据写入，为0时表示数据已经被消费者提走
char some_text[TEXT_SZ]
}
producer.c
#include <unistd.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/ipc.h>
#include <sys/shm.h>
#include "share.h"
int main()
{
int running = 1//程序运行标志位
void *shared_memory = (void *)0
struct shared_use_st *shared_stuff
char buffer[BUFSIZ]
int shmid//共享内存标识符
/*创建共享内存*/
shmid = shmget((key_t)1234, sizeof(struct shared_use_st), 0666 | IPC_CREAT)
if (shmid == -1)
{
fprintf(stderr, "shmget failed/n")
exit(EXIT_FAILURE)
}
/*将共享内存连接到一个进程的地址空间中*/
shared_memory = shmat(shmid, (void *)0, 0)//指向共享内存第一个字节的指针
if (shared_memory == (void *)-1)
{
fprintf(stderr, "shmat failed/n")
exit(EXIT_FAILURE)
}
printf("Memory attached at %X/n", (int)shared_memory)
shared_stuff = (struct shared_use_st *)shared_memory
/*生产者写入数据*/
while(running)
{
while(shared_stuff->written_by_you == 1)
{
sleep(1)
printf("waiting for client.../n")
}
printf("Enter some text: ")
fgets(buffer, BUFSIZ, stdin)
strncpy(shared_stuff->some_text, buffer, TEXT_SZ)
shared_stuff->written_by_you = 1
if (strncmp(buffer, "end", 3) == 0)
{
running = 0
}
}
/*该函数用来将共享内存从当前进程中分离,仅使得当前进程不再能使用该共享内存*/
if (shmdt(shared_memory) == -1)
{
fprintf(stderr, "shmdt failed/n")
exit(EXIT_FAILURE)
}
printf("producer exit./n")
exit(EXIT_SUCCESS)
}
customer.c
#include <unistd.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/ipc.h>
#include <sys/shm.h>
#include "share.h"
int main()
{
int running = 1//程序运行标志位
void *shared_memory = (void *)0
struct shared_use_st *shared_stuff
int shmid//共享内存标识符
srand((unsigned int)getpid())
/*创建共享内存*/
shmid = shmget((key_t)1234, sizeof(struct shared_use_st), 0666 | IPC_CREAT)
if (shmid == -1)
{
fprintf(stderr, "shmget failed/n")
exit(EXIT_FAILURE)
}
/*将共享内存连接到一个进程的地址空间中*/
shared_memory = shmat(shmid, (void *)0, 0)//指向共享内存第一个字节的指针
if (shared_memory == (void *)-1)
{
fprintf(stderr, "shmat failed/n")
exit(EXIT_FAILURE)
}
printf("Memory attached at %X/n", (int)shared_memory)
shared_stuff = (struct shared_use_st *)shared_memory
shared_stuff->written_by_you = 0
/*消费者读取数据*/
while(running)
{
if (shared_stuff->written_by_you)
{
printf("You wrote: %s", shared_stuff->some_text)
sleep( rand() % 4 )
shared_stuff->written_by_you = 0
if (strncmp(shared_stuff->some_text, "end", 3) == 0)
{
running = 0
}
}
}
/*该函数用来将共享内存从当前进程中分离,仅使得当前进程不再能使用该共享内存*/
if (shmdt(shared_memory) == -1)
{
fprintf(stderr, "shmdt failed/n")
exit(EXIT_FAILURE)
}
/*将共享内存删除,所有进程均不能再访问该共享内存*/
if (shmctl(shmid, IPC_RMID, 0) == -1)
{
fprintf(stderr, "shmctl(IPC_RMID) failed/n")
exit(EXIT_FAILURE)
}
exit(EXIT_SUCCESS)
}
您好，楼主sems是指搜索引擎营销，是英文Search Engine Marketing的翻译，简称为SEM。就是根据用户使用搜索引擎的方式，利用用户检索信息的机会尽可能将营销信息传递给目标用户。简单来说，搜索引擎营销就是基于搜索引擎平台的网络营销，利用人们对搜索引擎的依赖和使用习惯，在人们检索信息的时候尽可能将营销信息传递给目标客户。
更多内容：可以参考百度百科：http://baike.baidu.com/link?url=6cziptvtjV4r4c-E0dY-Si8Aok0as_GUh63jvKsBa9zyEKNuhYWMAE5aUyeAX4KywGjuOaR7BpGASdaUQM7yOoQt45tAWsbxVZW8j8zlzBHms3DORt9z38lLfgKg4V0nodYe7HKcMtMquPF8HUYRDK
一、SEM和SEO差别：
1.SEM(Search engine marketing),译为搜索引擎营销。它是网络营销的一种方式，主要在搜索引擎中进行网站或品牌的营销，因此在搜索引擎范围内的营销行为都属于SEM。SEM包括：竞价排名、关键词广告、ppc来电付费。
2.SEO（Search engine optization ）,译为搜索引擎优化。指的是一种利用搜索引擎的排名规则来提升目标网站在自然搜索结果中的收录数量和排名的优化行为，其目的是为了从搜索引擎获得更多的免费流量，以及更好的展现形象。
二、SEM和SEO通俗来说：
1.SEM就是有钱企业的玩意，烧钱做推广，一旦停止付费就没效果了。
2.SEO就是踏踏实实小资推广，优化后，效果长久稳定。
3.怎么区别SEM？如下图，有几个方式区别
带“广告”或“推广”两字的为SEM
sem
只有域名或者网站名称的为SEO
seo
seo
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