一.低级通信--信号通信
signal.c
#include <signal.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <unistd.h>
/*捕捉到信号sig之后，执行预先预定的动作函数*/
void sig_alarm(int sig)
{
printf("---the signal received is %d. /n", sig)
signal(SIGINT, SIG_DFL)//SIGINT终端中断信号，SIG_DFL：恢复默认行为，SIN_IGN：忽略信号
}
int main()
{
signal(SIGINT, sig_alarm)//捕捉终端中断信号
while(1)
{
printf("waiting here!/n")
sleep(1)
}
return 0
}
二.管道通信
pipe.c
#include <stdio.h>
#define BUFFER_SIZE 30
int main()
{
int x
int fd[2]
char buf[BUFFER_SIZE]
char s[BUFFER_SIZE]
pipe(fd)//创建管道
while((x=fork())==-1)//创建管道失败时，进入循环
/*进入子进程，子进程向管道中写入一个字符串*/
if(x==0)
{
sprintf(buf,"This is an example of pipe!/n")
write(fd[1],buf,BUFFER_SIZE)
exit(0)
}
/*进入父进程，父进程从管道的另一端读出刚才写入的字符串*/
else
{
wait(0)//等待子进程结束
read(fd[0],s,BUFFER_SIZE)//读出字符串，并将其储存在char s[]中
printf("%s",s)//打印字符串
}
return 0
}
三.进程间通信——IPC
①信号量通信
sem.c
#include <unistd.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/ipc.h>
#include <sys/sem.h>
/*联合体变量*/
union semun
{
int val//信号量初始值
struct semid_ds *buf
unsigned short int *array
struct seminfo *__buf
}
/*函数声明，信号量定义*/
static int set_semvalue(void)//设置信号量
static void del_semvalue(void)//删除信号量
static int semaphore_p(void)//执行P操作
static int semaphore_v(void)//执行V操作
static int sem_id//信号量标识符
int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
int i
int pause_time
char op_char = 'O'
srand((unsigned int)getpid())
sem_id = semget((key_t)1234, 1, 0666 | IPC_CREAT)//创建一个信号量,IPC_CREAT表示创建一个新的信号量
/*如果有参数，设置信号量，修改字符*/
if (argc >1)
{
if (!set_semvalue())
{
fprintf(stderr, "Failed to initialize semaphore/n")
exit(EXIT_FAILURE)
}
op_char = 'X'
sleep(5)
}
for(i = 0i <10i++)
{
/*执行P操作*/
if (!semaphore_p())
exit(EXIT_FAILURE)
printf("%c", op_char)
fflush(stdout)
pause_time = rand() % 3
sleep(pause_time)
printf("%c", op_char)
fflush(stdout)
/*执行V操作*/
if (!semaphore_v())
exit(EXIT_FAILURE)
pause_time = rand() % 2
sleep(pause_time)
}
printf("/n%d - finished/n", getpid())
if (argc >1)
{
sleep(10)
del_semvalue()//删除信号量
}
exit(EXIT_SUCCESS)
}
/*设置信号量*/
static int set_semvalue(void)
{
union semun sem_union
sem_union.val = 1
if (semctl(sem_id, 0, SETVAL, sem_union) == -1)
return(0)
return(1)
}
/*删除信号量*/
static void del_semvalue(void)
{
union semun sem_union
if (semctl(sem_id, 0, IPC_RMID, sem_union) == -1)
fprintf(stderr, "Failed to delete semaphore/n")
}
/*执行P操作*/
static int semaphore_p(void)
{
struct sembuf sem_b
sem_b.sem_num = 0
sem_b.sem_op = -1/* P() */
sem_b.sem_flg = SEM_UNDO
if (semop(sem_id, &sem_b, 1) == -1)
{
fprintf(stderr, "semaphore_p failed/n")
return(0)
}
return(1)
}
/*执行V操作*/
static int semaphore_v(void)
{
struct sembuf sem_b
sem_b.sem_num = 0
sem_b.sem_op = 1/* V() */
sem_b.sem_flg = SEM_UNDO
if (semop(sem_id, &sem_b, 1) == -1)
{
fprintf(stderr, "semaphore_v failed/n")
return(0)
}
return(1)
}
②消息队列通信
send.c
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <errno.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/ipc.h>
#include <sys/msg.h>
#define MAX_TEXT 512
/*用于消息收发的结构体--my_msg_type：消息类型，some_text：消息正文*/
struct my_msg_st
{
long int my_msg_type
char some_text[MAX_TEXT]
}
int main()
{
int running = 1//程序运行标识符
struct my_msg_st some_data
int msgid//消息队列标识符
char buffer[BUFSIZ]
/*创建与接受者相同的消息队列*/
msgid = msgget((key_t)1234, 0666 | IPC_CREAT)
if (msgid == -1)
{
fprintf(stderr, "msgget failed with error: %d/n", errno)
exit(EXIT_FAILURE)
}
/*向消息队列中发送消息*/
while(running)
{
printf("Enter some text: ")
fgets(buffer, BUFSIZ, stdin)
some_data.my_msg_type = 1
strcpy(some_data.some_text, buffer)
if (msgsnd(msgid, (void *)&some_data, MAX_TEXT, 0) == -1)
{
fprintf(stderr, "msgsnd failed/n")
exit(EXIT_FAILURE)
}
if (strncmp(buffer, "end", 3) == 0)
{
running = 0
}
}
exit(EXIT_SUCCESS)
}
receive.c
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <errno.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/ipc.h>
#include <sys/msg.h>
/*用于消息收发的结构体--my_msg_type：消息类型，some_text：消息正文*/
struct my_msg_st
{
long int my_msg_type
char some_text[BUFSIZ]
}
int main()
{
int running = 1//程序运行标识符
int msgid//消息队列标识符
struct my_msg_st some_data
long int msg_to_receive = 0//接收消息的类型--0表示msgid队列上的第一个消息
/*创建消息队列*/
msgid = msgget((key_t)1234, 0666 | IPC_CREAT)
if (msgid == -1)
{
fprintf(stderr, "msgget failed with error: %d/n", errno)
exit(EXIT_FAILURE)
}
/*接收消息*/
while(running)
{
if (msgrcv(msgid, (void *)&some_data, BUFSIZ,msg_to_receive, 0) == -1)
{
fprintf(stderr, "msgrcv failed with error: %d/n", errno)
exit(EXIT_FAILURE)
}
printf("You wrote: %s", some_data.some_text)
if (strncmp(some_data.some_text, "end", 3) == 0)
{
running = 0
}
}
/*删除消息队列*/
if (msgctl(msgid, IPC_RMID, 0) == -1)
{
fprintf(stderr, "msgctl(IPC_RMID) failed/n")
exit(EXIT_FAILURE)
}
exit(EXIT_SUCCESS)
}
③共享内存通信
share.h
#define TEXT_SZ 2048 //申请共享内存大小
struct shared_use_st
{
int written_by_you//written_by_you为1时表示有数据写入，为0时表示数据已经被消费者提走
char some_text[TEXT_SZ]
}
producer.c
#include <unistd.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/ipc.h>
#include <sys/shm.h>
#include "share.h"
int main()
{
int running = 1//程序运行标志位
void *shared_memory = (void *)0
struct shared_use_st *shared_stuff
char buffer[BUFSIZ]
int shmid//共享内存标识符
/*创建共享内存*/
shmid = shmget((key_t)1234, sizeof(struct shared_use_st), 0666 | IPC_CREAT)
if (shmid == -1)
{
fprintf(stderr, "shmget failed/n")
exit(EXIT_FAILURE)
}
/*将共享内存连接到一个进程的地址空间中*/
shared_memory = shmat(shmid, (void *)0, 0)//指向共享内存第一个字节的指针
if (shared_memory == (void *)-1)
{
fprintf(stderr, "shmat failed/n")
exit(EXIT_FAILURE)
}
printf("Memory attached at %X/n", (int)shared_memory)
shared_stuff = (struct shared_use_st *)shared_memory
/*生产者写入数据*/
while(running)
{
while(shared_stuff->written_by_you == 1)
{
sleep(1)
printf("waiting for client.../n")
}
printf("Enter some text: ")
fgets(buffer, BUFSIZ, stdin)
strncpy(shared_stuff->some_text, buffer, TEXT_SZ)
shared_stuff->written_by_you = 1
if (strncmp(buffer, "end", 3) == 0)
{
running = 0
}
}
/*该函数用来将共享内存从当前进程中分离,仅使得当前进程不再能使用该共享内存*/
if (shmdt(shared_memory) == -1)
{
fprintf(stderr, "shmdt failed/n")
exit(EXIT_FAILURE)
}
printf("producer exit./n")
exit(EXIT_SUCCESS)
}
customer.c
#include <unistd.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/ipc.h>
#include <sys/shm.h>
#include "share.h"
int main()
{
int running = 1//程序运行标志位
void *shared_memory = (void *)0
struct shared_use_st *shared_stuff
int shmid//共享内存标识符
srand((unsigned int)getpid())
/*创建共享内存*/
shmid = shmget((key_t)1234, sizeof(struct shared_use_st), 0666 | IPC_CREAT)
if (shmid == -1)
{
fprintf(stderr, "shmget failed/n")
exit(EXIT_FAILURE)
}
/*将共享内存连接到一个进程的地址空间中*/
shared_memory = shmat(shmid, (void *)0, 0)//指向共享内存第一个字节的指针
if (shared_memory == (void *)-1)
{
fprintf(stderr, "shmat failed/n")
exit(EXIT_FAILURE)
}
printf("Memory attached at %X/n", (int)shared_memory)
shared_stuff = (struct shared_use_st *)shared_memory
shared_stuff->written_by_you = 0
/*消费者读取数据*/
while(running)
{
if (shared_stuff->written_by_you)
{
printf("You wrote: %s", shared_stuff->some_text)
sleep( rand() % 4 )
shared_stuff->written_by_you = 0
if (strncmp(shared_stuff->some_text, "end", 3) == 0)
{
running = 0
}
}
}
/*该函数用来将共享内存从当前进程中分离,仅使得当前进程不再能使用该共享内存*/
if (shmdt(shared_memory) == -1)
{
fprintf(stderr, "shmdt failed/n")
exit(EXIT_FAILURE)
}
/*将共享内存删除,所有进程均不能再访问该共享内存*/
if (shmctl(shmid, IPC_RMID, 0) == -1)
{
fprintf(stderr, "shmctl(IPC_RMID) failed/n")
exit(EXIT_FAILURE)
}
exit(EXIT_SUCCESS)
}
两种：直接制约和间接制约。
引起制约的原因：这种制约可分为直接制约和间接制约，进程间的直接制约是被制约进程和制约进程之间，存在着使用对方资源的需求。
同步是因合作进程之间协调彼此的工作而控制自己的执行速度，即因相互合作，相互等待而产生的制约关系，而互斥是进程之间竞争临界资源而禁止两个以上的进程同时进入临界区所发生的制约关系。
扩展资料：
是进程之间直接的制约关系，是为完成某种任务而建立的两个或多个线程，这个线程需要在某些位置上协调他们的工作次序而等待、传递信息所产生的制约关系。进程间的直接制约关系来源于他们之间的合作。
比如说进程A需要从缓冲区读取进程B产生的信息，当缓冲区为空时，进程A因为读取不到信息而被阻塞。而当进程B产生信息放入缓冲区时，进程A才会被唤醒。
参考资料来源：百度百科-并发性
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