各国语言文字中“谁”字的拼写

第一组:who? (interrogative pronoun):

Albanian: kush

Arabic: من

Egyptian: مين

Moroccan: شكون

Armenian: ով

Balinese: nyen

Basque: nor

Belarusian: хто

Bikol: siisay

Blackfoot: tahkaa

Breton: piv

Bulgarian: кой

Catalan: qui

Cebuano: kinsa

Chamicuro: na'shanana

Chinese:谁

Cree: awina

Czech: kdo

Danish: hvem,hvo

Dutch: wie

Esperanto: kiu

Filipino: sino

Finnish: kuka

French: qui

Georgian: ვინ

German: wer

Greek: ποιος

Hebrew: מי

Hiligaynon: sin-o

Hindi: कौन

Hungarian: ki,kik

Ibanag: sinni

Icelandic: hver,hvert/hvað

Ido: qua, qui

Ilocano: sino, siasino, asino

Indonesian: siapa

Irish: cé

Italian: chi

Japanese: だれ,どなた,どちらさま

Javanese: sapa, sinten

Kapampangan: ninu

Kinaray-a: sin-o

Korean: 누구

Kurdish: kî,kê,

Latin: quis

Lithuanian: kas

Macedonian: кој,која,кое,кои

Maltese: li

Mongolian: хэн

Norwegian: hvem

Ojibwe: awenen

Pangasinan: siopa

Persian: کی

Polish: kto

Portuguese: quem

Rohingya: hon

Romani: kon

Romanian: cine

Russian: кто

Scottish Gaelic: cò

Serbo-Croatian: ко, ko (Croatian), тко, tko (Bosnian, Serbian)

Slovak: kto

Slovene: kdo

Spanish: quién,quiénes

Sundanese: saha

Swedish: vem

Tagalog: sino

Taos: p’ų́

Tausug: hisiyu

Telugu: ఎవరు

Thai: ใคร

Turkish: kim

Ukrainian: хто

Uzbek: kim

Vietnamese: ai,ai nào,kẻ nào

Waray-Waray: hin-o, hin-o

Welsh: pwy

第二组:who (relative pronoun):

Arabic: الذي (allaðíː) m., التي (allatíː) f., الذين (allaðíːna) m/pl, اللواتي (allawáːti)

Armenian: որ ,որը

Bulgarian: което,който,която,които .

Chamicuro: na'shanana

Czech: který,kteří

Dutch: die

Esperanto: kiu

Finnish: joka

French: qui

German: der/die/das

Greek: ο οποίος,η οποία,το οποίο

Hebrew: אשר

Hungarian: aki,akik

Icelandic: sem

Ido: qua,qui

Indonesian: yang

Latin: qui,quae

Macedonian: кој,којшто,која,којашто,кое,коешто,кои,коишто Portuguese: que,quem

Romanian: care

Russian: что,который

Slovak: čo, ktorý / ktorá / ktoré

Spanish: quien

Sundanese: anu, nu

Swedish: som

Thai: ที่

Vietnamese: mà

第三组:whom:

(1)what personobject of a verb:

Afrikaans: wie

Armenian: ում

Danish: hvem

Esperanto: kiun, kiujn

French: qui

German: wem,wen

Haitian Creole: kimoun

Italian: chi

Portuguese: o que,o quê,quem

Russian: кого,кому,кем,ком

Spanish: quién,quiénes

Swedish: vem,vilka

(2)what person or people, object of a preposition:

Afrikaans: met wie, van wie, etc.

Armenian: ում

Danish: hvem

Esperanto: kiu,kiuj,kiun,kiujn

French: qui

German: wem,wen

Haitian Creole: kimoun

Italian: chi

Portuguese: o que,o quê,quem

Russian: кого,кому,кем,ком

Spanish: quién,quiénes

Swedish: vem,vilka

(3)relative pronoun:

Afrikaans: waarmee, waarvan

Armenian: ում

Danish: hvem,hvilken

Esperanto: kiu,kiuj,kiun,kiujn

French: qui

German: dem,der,den,die

Italian: cui

Portuguese: quem,que,o qual,a qual,os quais,as quais

Russian: кого,кому,кем,ком

Spanish: quien,quienes

Swedish: vem,vilka

第四组:ancient language

Latin:qui,quae,quod

Old English:hwa,hwam

Old Swedish:hwe

Old Armenian: ո , ով

Old Frisian:hwa

Old Irish:ce

Gothic:hvo

Old Highland German:hwer

Old Germanic:khwas,khwes,khwo

Samsung firmware has usually 4 or 5 binaries or components including BL or Bootloader, AP or PDA, CP or Phone, and CSC ( CSC and Home_CSC ). In some cases, you may also need the PIT or Partition Information Table file. In this article, we’ll focus on Samsung CSC and Samsung CSC codes only. Besides, we’ll also see how we can change CSC on Samsung Galaxy devices.

If you are curious to know more about AP, BL, and CP, we have explained their meaning in our detailed Samsung Odin tutorial this article . Moreover, you can learn more about Samsung PIT files and the way to extract them.

Coming back to Samsung CSC codes, let’s try to answer the following questions: Whats’s Samsung CSC? Whats are CSC codes? How can we check or find out the CSC code of a Samsung Galaxy device? Can we change CSC on Samsung devices?

Contents

CSC is the abbreviated form of “ Consumer Software Customization ” or “ Country Specific Code “. CSC is an essential component of Samsung firmware binaries and it contains customized settings, system configurations, localizations and geo-specific things such as the system language, APN settings, and carrier-branding.

That’s is say, Samsung may release the same model of a phone in a country or region with different CSCs. For example, if you live in the United States and own a Samsung Galaxy phone, the CSC or product code of your device may be one of the following depending on the fact whether it is unlocked, open or carrier-branded.

Samsung servers check on the CSC code of your Samsung device and match it with the geolocation where it’s being used. If both these things match before sending OTA updates to your device. Suppose the CSC code of your Samsung device is INS (India) and you take it to the United Kingdom or Germany and use it there, you may not receive the official software updates from Samsung.

Again, the CSC of a Samsung Galaxy phone firmware contains the code-name of the country/region for which it is built. You can change it to tell Samsung servers that your phone is actually from a different country or region to receive official updates. Similarly, if you flash the firmware meant for some other country on your device, you’ll not get any future updates unless you install the proper firmware.

For example, I have flashed the firmware with OXM CSC on my Indian Galaxy S9+ just to try Android Pie because it’s not yet available in India. Since OXM is Multi-CSC or Omni CSC, it offers a total of 86 different CSCs to choose from.

The idea of changing the CSC of your phone drops in here. Thus you can install firmware from a different region and change the CSC of your phone with a little trick and everything goes fine.

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If you do not know the CSC or product code of your Samsung Galaxy phone or tablet device, there are 2 ways to find it.

You can check the CSC of your Galaxy device by dialing a code on your device’s dialer itself. The secret code you need to dial is * #1234#.

As soon as you type ‘#’ , you’ll see a screen like shown below. The first 3 alphabets after your device model constitute the CSC code for your device (see below).

There’s yet another and even easier way to check the current CSC on your Samsung Galaxy device. Open Settings>About phone>Software information and scroll to Service provider SW Ver. tab. You’ll find the CSC of your device right after your device model number in the first line. Since I flashed the OXM (Multi-CSC) firmware and switched to INS (India) CSC, it shows me both the CSCs. In the 3rd line, you can see the activated CSC, that is INS. This simply means that I’ll keep getting official OTA updates.

Now, let’s come to the 3rd line in the above screenshot: INS (1)/ INS, INS (2)/ INS (3).

Note: If you have flashed a Multi-CSC firmware, your device will automatically switch itself to the Country Specific Code based on your network provider on the first boot.

Please note that performing the CSC change action will factory reset your phone . It means it will take your phone to the status as it was when you purchased it. All data present on the internal storage will be wiped. Therefore, do not forget to backup your data before you proceed.

Related Article: Change CSC on Samsung Devices without Wiping Data

Note: On older Samsung devices running TouchWiz and Samsung Experience ROMs, the CSC Changer app used to work. However, since CSC Changer was not updated by the app developer, it doesn’t work anymore.

To unlock hidden CSC feature on your Samsung device, you should try the CSC Feature Expert for Samsung app.

Price : Free

Download on Google Play

If you own a rooted Galaxy phone or tablet, you can try the method described below to change the CSC.

In case your Samsung Galaxy device is rooted and has TWRP recovery installed on it, you can find flashable ZIPs in different forums to change CSC on your device.

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Now here are the country-specific codes or CSC code list for all countries in the alphabetical order . Just scroll down to find your country and check the CSCs mentioned for it. In case you are looking for a particular CSC, please use CTRL+F and type the CSC to find it on this page.

Afghanistan = AFG

Algeria= TMC, ALG, ALR

Albania= AVF (Vodafone)

Argentina= ANC, ARO, CTI (Claro), UFN (Movistar), PSN (Personal)

Aruba= ARU

Australia= XSA, OPP, OPS (Optus), VAU (Vodafone), TEL (Telus), HUT (Three/Vodafone)

Austria= ATO (Open Austria) AOM, DRE (3 Hutchinson), MAX (T-Mobile), MOB (A1), MOK, ONE (Orange), TRG (Telering)

Bahrain = ARB

Baltic= SEB

Belarus= MTB, VEL

Belgium= BSE, BAE, PRO (Proximus), XEB

Bangladesh = BNG, (unbranded), TML (unbranded), ETR

Bosnia-Herzegovina = ERO, BHO, BHT (BH Telecom), TEB

Brazil= ZTO (unbranded), BTA, BTM, TMR, ZTA (Claro), ZVV (Vivo), ZTM (TIM)

Bulgaria= BGL (unbranded), CMF, GBL, MTE, MTL (MTL), OMX, PLX, VVT (VVT)

Cambodia= CAM (unbranded), RCG

Canada= BMC (Bell), RWC (Rogers), TLS (Telus), KDO (Koodo)

Chile= CHO (unbranded), CHB, CHE (Entel PCS), CHL (Claro), CHT (Telefonica)

China= CHN, CMC, CUH, INT, M00, TEC, TIY

Colombia= COO (unbranded), CGU, COB, COL, COM

**Costa Rica= **ICE

Croatia= CRO, TRA, TWO, VIP (VIP-Net)

Cyprus= CYV (Vodafone)

Czech Republic= ETL (unbranded), KBN, O2C, OSK, TMZ, VDC (Vodafone), XCS, XEZ

Denmark= DTL

Dominican Rep.= CDR, TDR

Dominica= CST, DCN, DOR

Ecuador= BBR

Egypt= EGY (unbranded)

El Salvador= DGC, TBS

Finland= ELS, SAU

France= XEF (unbranded), AUC, BOG, COR, DIX, FTM, NRJ, OFR, ORC, ORF, OXA*, SFR, UNI, VGF

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Germany= DBT (unbranded), DTM (T-Mobile), DUT, EPL (E-Plus), MAN, MBC, OXA*, VD2 (Vodafone), VIA (O2), XEG

Ghana= SPN, ACR (unbranded)

Greece= EUR (unbranded), AOC, COS (Cosmote), CYO, GER, OXX*, TGR, VGR (Vodafone), ILO (HotMobile)

Guatemala= PCS

Hong Kong= TGY

Hungary= XEH (unbranded), PAN (Telenor), VDH (Vodafone), WST, TMO, TMH (T-Mobile)

India= INU (unbranded), IND, INA, INS (unbranded), IMS, REL

Indonesia= AXI, SAR, XSE

Iran= THR (unbranded)

Iraq= MID (unbranded)

Ireland= 3IE, VDI (Vodafone)

Israel= ILO (unbranded), CEL, PCL, PTR

Italy= ITV (unbranded), FWB, GOM, HUI, OMN (Vodafone), OXA*, TIM, VOM, WIN, XET

Ivory Coast= IRS, SIE

Jamaica= JBS, JCN, JCW

Japan= DCM, SBM, VFK

Jordan= LEV

Kazakhstan= EST, KCL, KMB, KZK, OXE*, SKZ (unbranded)

Kenya= KEN, KEL, AFR

Korea= SKT

Latvia= SEB (unbranded)

Libyan Arab Rep.= MMC

**Lithuania= **TLT

Luxembourg ****= LUX (unbranded)

Macao= VTN

Macedonia= TMC, MBM

Malaysia= CCM, FME, FMG, MXS, OLB*, XME (unbranded)

Mexico= SEM, TCE, TMM, UNE

Mongolia= MPC

Morocco= FWD, MAT, MED, MWD (unbranded), SNI, WAN

Nepal= NPL (unbranded)

Netherlands= PHN (unbranded),BEN, KPN, MMO, ONL, QIC, TFT, TNL, VDF (Vodafone), VDP, XEN

New Zealand= VNZ

Nigeria= ECT (unbranded), GCR, MML

Nordic Countries= NEE (unbranded)

Norway= TEN

Pakistan= PAK (unbranded), WDC

Panama= TPA (unbranded), BPC, PCW, PBS

Peru= PEB, PET, SAM

Philippines= FAM, GLB, OLB*, SMA, XTC (Open Line) , XTE

Poland= ERA, IDE, PLS, PRT, XEO (unbranded), OXA , OXX

Portugal= OPT, OXX*, TCL (Vodafone), TMN, TPH (unbranded), XEP

Puerto Rico= CEN, PCI, TPR

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Romania= ROM (unbranded), CNX (Vodafone), COA, HAT, ORO, OXX*

Russia= AZC, BLN, EMT, ERS, GEO, MTV, OXE*, SER (unbranded), SNT

Saudi Arabia= KSA (unbranded), JED

Senegal= DKR (unbranded)

Serbia Montenegro= MSR, OXX*, PMN, SMO, TOP, TSR

Singapore= MM1, XSP (unbranded), SIN (Singtel), STH (Starhub), BGD, XSO

Slovenia= MOT, SIM (Si.mobile)

Slovakia= ORX (unbranded), GTL, IRD, ORS, OXX*, TMS

South Africa= XFA , XFE (unbranded)**, * OXX , XFC, XFM, XFV (Vodafone)

South East Europe= SEE (unbranded)

South West Asia= SWA

Spain= PHE (unbranded), FOP, AMN (Orange), ATL (Vodafone), EUS, XEC (Movistar), YOG (Yoigo)

Sri Lanka= SLK (unbranded)

Sweden= BAU, BCN, BME, BSG, BTH, COV, HTS, SEN, TET, TLA, TNO, VDS, XEE

Switzerland= AUT (unbranded), MOZ, ORG, OXX*, SUN, SWC (Swisscom)

Taiwan= BRI (unbranded), CWT, TCC, TCI, TWM

Temporary= TEM

Thailand= CAT, OLB*, THE, THL (unbranded), THO, THS, LAO, MYM

Tanzania= SOL

Trinidad and Tobago= EON (unbranded), TTT (unbranded)

Tunisia= TUN (unbranded), ABS, RNG

Turkey= TUR (unbranded), BAS, KVK, TLP, TRC

Ukraine= KVR, SEK (unbranded), UMC

United Arab Emirat= ARB, ITO, MID, OXE*, XSG (unbranded)

United Kingdom= BTU (unbranded), EVR (EE), BTC, CPW (Carphone Warehouse), H3G, O2I, O2U (O2), ORA (Orange), OXA*, TMU (T-Mobile), TSC, VIR, VOD (Vodafone), XEU (EE &Three)

**USA= **ACG (Nextech/C), ATT (AT&T), BST, CCT (Comcast), GCF, LRA (Bluegrass Cellular), SPR (Sprint), TFN (Tracfone), TMB (T-Mobile), USC (US Cellular), VMU (Virgin Mobile USA), VZW (Verizon Wireless), XAA (unbranded/default), XAS

Uzbekistan= CAC (unbranded), UZB

Venezuela= VMT (Movistar), DGT, MVL

Vietnam= DNA, FPT, OLB*, PHU, SPT, TLC, VTC, VTL, XEV, XXV (unbranded)

**** Multi-CSC for some of the countries and regions (“O” refers to Open)***

Please, let us know if you find any Samsung CSC Codes are missing from our list!

Read Next: Download Samsung Firmware with Frija Firmware Download Tool

(This article was first published on 27 December 2012. We just updated it with more relevant info and new screenshots.)

我叫喊的那么厉害，直到失声。

用心的敲打那扇门。

嘣——

用尽我的力量也要打开它，

现在，它终于开了。

爱曾经驻留此地，

但现在并未归航。

我曾经对你谎言相加，

是不是就在那时他爱上了你？

我要踩在他的脑袋上面，

直到他难以忍受。

我的泪水得不到认同，

世人宁愿笑笑。

我要踩在他的脑袋上面，

直到他难以忍受。

我隐藏了一颗破碎的心，

来拯救世界，

这些都不愿让你知道，

我怕万一发生碰撞，

你也会卷入其中。

你走之后，关于你的一切，

我们的欢笑和泪水，

都被我藏在心底的酒窖里，

那儿还有一个蒙尘的盒子，

里面都是丢掉的梦。

我要踩在他的脑袋上面，

直到他难以忍受。

我的泪水得不到认同，

世人宁愿笑笑。

我要踩在他的脑袋上面，

直到他难以忍受。

我隐藏了一颗破碎的心，

来拯救世界，

这些都不愿让你知道，

我怕万一发生碰撞，

你也会卷入其中。

你走之后，关于你的一切，

我们的欢笑和泪水，

都被我藏在心底的酒窖里，

那儿还有一个蒙尘的盒子，

里面都是丢掉的梦。

我要踩在他的脑袋上面，

直到他难以忍受。

我的泪水得不到认同，

世人宁愿笑笑。

我要踩在他的脑袋上面，

直到他难以忍受。

我隐藏了一颗破碎的心，

来拯救世界，

就算心如刀割，

我也不愿任何人知道。

我要踩在他的脑袋上面，

直到他难以忍受。

我的泪水得不到认同，

世人宁愿笑笑。

我要踩在他的脑袋上面，

直到他难以忍受。

哦，破碎了。

在黑暗之中痛苦的受伤，

但世界的伤口，

永远都不会让人知道。

说实话，其中两句话，我觉得翻译得很是别扭，“我用双脚踩在他头上。。”，但是又联想不到更好的引申义，也只能这样了。

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