论文中的SEM是什么意思

结构关系方程模型（SEM）属于验证式的协方差结构模型分析，完整的协方差结构模型包含两个次模型：①测量模型（如图），潜变量（即不可自我描述的因变量）被显性指标（即观察变量）所测量或概念化，测量模型也可以复杂一些，比如二阶测量模型，；②结构模型（如图），潜变量之间的假设关系，以及无法解释的变异量部分，以确认假设的潜变量之间的关系以及潜变量与显性指标的一致性程度。当然，复杂度更高的结构模型比比皆是，这就太考验理论能力、概念化能力、量表设计能力和SEM模型控制能力了。

This report/research is designed for a guidance for improving the teaching quality of universities and the quality of personnel trainingalso, the satisfaction level of teaching and student involment level are investigated. Through reviewing relevant literatures, and by applying the techinique of Likert Scale, I have designed a specific questionnairemoreover, stratified sampling and random sampling method are used for gathering data and analysing the factors relating to satisfaction level of teaching. The research objectives, seperated by sex, grade and course, are analysed by Exploratory data analysis. The sampling data meets the requirement of independence and identical distribution. For the 16 observation variables that influencing the teaching satisfaction level factors, 4 latent variables (i.e. teaching attitudes, teaching skills, content of courses and teaching methods) are determined. For the 7 observation variables of satisfaction level, two latent variables of satisfaction level and student involment level are constructed. Then, by applying the SEM, full model is designed for testing, which gives the outcomes of the quantitative analyses of the factors affecting teaching satisfaction level and student involvement level. The model is complied with required Goodness of Fit. The validity of observation variables is high as well as the reliability of latent variables. Therefore, we obtain the conclusion that is consistent with the underlying assumption. This report has first introduced the letent variable of student involvement level, and clarified the relationship between TSL and SIL. The conclusion shows: teaching attitude is most influential on TSLthe contents of teaching and teaching method are of comparatively large influenceand SIL has some moderate effect to TSL. Based on the analysis of the outcome, we make our recommendations on how colleges and universities could improve their teaching quality and student learning qualityand we generate some proposals for the improvement of the work of administration section.

完全自己翻译。后半小段出现了缩写 TSL 和 SIL，分别是teaching satisfaction level and student involvement level， 你自己在名词出现的第一处后加上括号放入缩写吧。e.g. teaching satisfaction level (TSL)

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