论文中的SEM是什么意思

结构关系方程模型（SEM）属于验证式的协方差结构模型分析，完整的协方差结构模型包含两个次模型：①测量模型（如图），潜变量（即不可自我描述的因变量）被显性指标（即观察变量）所测量或概念化，测量模型也可以复杂一些，比如二阶测量模型，；②结构模型（如图），潜变量之间的假设关系，以及无法解释的变异量部分，以确认假设的潜变量之间的关系以及潜变量与显性指标的一致性程度。当然，复杂度更高的结构模型比比皆是，这就太考验理论能力、概念化能力、量表设计能力和SEM模型控制能力了。

This report/research is designed for a guidance for improving the teaching quality of universities and the quality of personnel trainingalso, the satisfaction level of teaching and student involment level are investigated. Through reviewing relevant literatures, and by applying the techinique of Likert Scale, I have designed a specific questionnairemoreover, stratified sampling and random sampling method are used for gathering data and analysing the factors relating to satisfaction level of teaching. The research objectives, seperated by sex, grade and course, are analysed by Exploratory data analysis. The sampling data meets the requirement of independence and identical distribution. For the 16 observation variables that influencing the teaching satisfaction level factors, 4 latent variables (i.e. teaching attitudes, teaching skills, content of courses and teaching methods) are determined. For the 7 observation variables of satisfaction level, two latent variables of satisfaction level and student involment level are constructed. Then, by applying the SEM, full model is designed for testing, which gives the outcomes of the quantitative analyses of the factors affecting teaching satisfaction level and student involvement level. The model is complied with required Goodness of Fit. The validity of observation variables is high as well as the reliability of latent variables. Therefore, we obtain the conclusion that is consistent with the underlying assumption. This report has first introduced the letent variable of student involvement level, and clarified the relationship between TSL and SIL. The conclusion shows: teaching attitude is most influential on TSLthe contents of teaching and teaching method are of comparatively large influenceand SIL has some moderate effect to TSL. Based on the analysis of the outcome, we make our recommendations on how colleges and universities could improve their teaching quality and student learning qualityand we generate some proposals for the improvement of the work of administration section.

完全自己翻译。后半小段出现了缩写 TSL 和 SIL，分别是teaching satisfaction level and student involvement level， 你自己在名词出现的第一处后加上括号放入缩写吧。e.g. teaching satisfaction level (TSL)

请教：写论文引用别人论文里的数据图形，要向作者取得同意还是出版刊物取得同意，具体怎么操作啊？非常感谢！ 也想知道，楼下知道的请回答amethyst70(站内联系TA)有人知道怎么处理吗，！sandy03(站内联系TA)我也想知道。。。。。hyw166_0(站内联系TA)我有篇文章就是重新画了张类似的图片，然后后面引用after ***komekome(站内联系TA)Originally posted by amethyst70 at 2009-7-8 16:04:你画一个类似的数据是他的,图是你的,然后给文献都是这么操作的不用同意因为是公开的数据的:mad:tibetnamco(站内联系TA)论文发表是学术交流的一种，一般不用这个征求同意过程。只要正确标注引用即可。但是在出版著作（即涉及可能有经济利益，因为书肯定有稿费）之时，按照国际惯例，要征求作者或的同意，一般作者或都会无条件同意你的引用的，尤其是你写的是教材或学术专著一类。当然，在国内，这种著作权转让程序几乎都是虚设。老外也是见怪不怪，除非是涉及技术或产业领域，要是较真起来，还是可能吃官司的。

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