为什么要用sem测定活性炭孔结构

为什么要用sem测定活性炭孔结构

活性炭作为一种优良的物理、化学吸附剂，越来越受到人们的重视。随着活性炭用途的增加，活性炭的检测方法也越来越多。但不同的检测方法有可能会产生不同的性能指标。给活性炭行业之间的信息交流带来困难，同时也给活性炭的出口带来一定的损失。这就急迫需要活性炭专家及权威机械制定出一套比较完整、规范的活性炭检测方法，以使活性炭行业得到规范。 关键词：活性炭 性能指标 检测方法 1 前言 活性炭是利用木炭、各种果壳和优质煤等作为原料，通过过筛、活化、炭化、烘干和筛选等一系列工序加工制造而成的外观呈黑色，内部孔隙结构发达，比表面积大，吸附能力强的一类微晶质碳素材料。

市面上常见的肉松分为普通肉松、油酥肉松和肉松粉（肉粉松）三类，其中前两种是传统工艺，肉松粉是现代食品工业发展起来以后出现的新工艺。

普通肉松的典型代表是太仓肉松，它是非物质文化遗产，其特点是纤维比较长，口感疏松有弹性。

油酥肉松以福建肉松、潮味肉松为代表，其特点是纤维相对较短，没有普通肉松那么蓬松，且水分更少，含油量高，口感酥脆。

肉松粉相当于是在油酥肉松的基础上添加豆粉或豆类蛋白制成，其特点是纤维短，口感入口即化。

1．工艺流程

原料选择--预处理--煮制--炒压或搓松--炒制--冷却--包装

2．工艺要点

(1)原料肉选择

肉松加工选用健康家畜的新鲜精瘦肉为原料。

(2)原料肉预处理

符合要求的原料肉，先剔除骨、皮、脂肪、筋腱、淋巴、血管等不宜加工的部分，然后顺着肌肉的纤维纹路方向切成3cm左右宽的肉条，清洗干净，沥水备用。

(3)煮制

先把肉放人煮制锅内，加入与肉等量的水，煮沸，按配方加入香料，继续煮制，直到将肉煮烂，时间2～3h。在煮制的过程中，不断翻动并去浮油。传统工艺煮制时需要收汁，新的做法是：

①煮制时采用了多功能煮制锅，可自动控温、控时。

②使用老汤代替等量的水，既简化工艺，缩短时间，又煮制适当，入味彻底。

③煮制后的肉松坯轻轻拍开，搓松前采用远红外线烘箱适度烘烤(70℃、90min或80℃、60min)，脱水率50％左右。

(4)炒压或搓松

炒压或搓松的主要目的是将肌纤维分散。炒压是一个手工操作过程，在煮制后边炒边用铲子压碎肉块；搓松(或叫擦松)是一个机械作用过程，比较容易控制，因而，可用机械如搓松机来完成操作。

(5)炒制

在炒制阶段，主要目的是为了炒干水分并炒出颜色和香气。炒制时，要注意控制水分蒸发程度，颜色由灰棕色转变为金黄色，成为具有特殊香味的肉松为止。

如果要加工福建肉松，则将上述肉松放入炒松机内，煮制翻炒，待80％的绒状肉松成为酥脆的粉状时，过筛，除掉大颗粒，将筛出的粉状肉松坯置人锅内，倒入已经加热熔化的猪油，然后不断翻炒成球状的团粒，即为福建肉松。目前，新工艺中采用了搓松机、炒松机等机械操作，大大减轻了劳动强度。另外，在福建肉松基平板炒松机础上新开发了台湾肉松，通过在配方中添加谷物淀粉、芝麻、植物油等，大大提高了肉松出品率。

(6)包装

肉松吸水性强，不宜散装。短期贮藏可选用复合膜包装，货架期3个月左右，长期贮藏多选用玻璃瓶或马口铁罐，货架期6个月左右。

关于西餐的英语

bear''s paw 熊掌

breast of deer 鹿脯

beche-de-mersea cucumber 海参

sea sturgeon 海鳝

salted jelly fish 海蜇皮

kelp, seaweed 海带

abalone 鲍鱼

shark fin 鱼翅

scallops 干贝

lobster 龙虾

bird''s nest 燕窝

roast suckling pig 考乳猪

pig''s knuckle 猪脚

boiled salted duck 盐水鸭

preserved meat 腊肉

barbecued pork 叉烧

sausage 香肠

fried pork flakes 肉松

BAR-B-Q 烤肉

meat diet 荤菜

vegetables 素菜

meat broth 肉羹

local dish 地方菜

Cantonese cuisine 广东菜

set meal 客饭

curry rice 咖喱饭

fried rice 炒饭

plain rice 白饭

crispy rice 锅巴

gruel, soft rice, porridge 粥

noodles with gravy 打卤面

plain noodle 阳春面

casserole 砂锅

chafing dish, fire pot 火锅

meat bun 肉包子

shao-mai 烧麦

preserved bean curd 腐乳

bean curd 豆腐

fermented blank bean 豆豉

pickled cucumbers 酱瓜

preserved egg 皮蛋

salted duck egg 咸鸭蛋

dried turnip 萝卜干

西餐与日本料理:

menu 菜单

French cuisine 法国菜

today''s special 今日特餐

chef''s special 主厨特餐

buffet 自助餐

fast food 快餐

specialty 招牌菜

continental cuisine 欧式西餐

aperitif 饭前酒

dim sum 点心

French fires 炸薯条

baked potato 烘马铃薯

mashed potatoes 马铃薯泥

omelette 简蛋卷

pudding 布丁

pastries 甜点

pickled vegetables 泡菜

kimchi 韩国泡菜

crab meat 蟹肉

prawn 明虾

conch 海螺

escargots 田螺

braised beef 炖牛肉

bacon 熏肉

poached egg 荷包蛋

sunny side up 煎一面荷包蛋

over 煎两面荷包蛋

fried egg 煎蛋

over easy 煎半熟蛋

over hard 煎全熟蛋

scramble eggs 炒蛋

boiled egg 煮蛋

stone fire pot 石头火锅

sashi 日本竹筷

sake 日本米酒

miso shiru 味噌汤

roast meat 铁板烤肉

sashimi 生鱼片

butter 奶油

http://www.chinese.net.nz/bbs/archiver/tid-22030.html

西式自助餐 Western buffet肉杂拌汤 mixed meat soup

牛尾汤 ox-tail soup牛肉丸子汤 beef balls soup

牛肉蔬菜汤 beef soup with vegetables

牛肉茶 beef tea

冷牛肉茶 cold beef tea

鸡汤 chicken soup

口蘑鸡汤 chicken soup with mushrooms

番茄鸡汤 chicken soup with tomato

鸡腿蔬菜汤 chicken leg soup with vegetables

咖哩鸡丁汤 curry chicken cubes soup

鸡块汤 chicken chips soup

鸡块面条汤 noodles soup with chicken chips

鸡块大米汤 rice soup with chicken chips

高加索鸡块汤 chicken soup a la Caucasus

鸡球蔬菜汤 chicken meatballs soup with vegetables

鸡杂汤 chicken giblets soup

鸡杂菠菜汤 chicken giblets soup with spinach

鱼汤 fish soup

家常鱼汤 fish soup in home style

红鱼汤 fish soup with tomato

红菜汤 borsch

蔬菜汤 vegetables soupsoup with vegetables

丸子蔬菜汤 meat balls soup with vegetables

酸菜汤 sour cabbage soup

龙须菜汤 soup with asparagus

葱头汤 onion soup

洋葱汤 onion soup

西红柿汤 tomato soup

番茄汤 tomato soup

白豆汤 white beam soup

豌豆汤 pea soup

豌豆泥汤 mashed pea soup

清汤肉饼 consomme with meat pie

面球汤 dumplings soup

通心粉汤 soup with macaroni

通心粉清汤 consomme with macaroni

番茄通心粉汤 tomato soup with macaroni

清汤卧果 consomme with poached eggs

4.鱼虾 fish and prawn

炸桂鱼 fried mandarin fish

土豆炸桂鱼 fried mandarin fish with potatoes

番茄汁炸鱼 fried fish with tomato sauce

奶油汁炸鱼 fried fish with cream sauce

鞑靼式炸鱼 fried fish with Tartar sauce

鞑靼汁炸鱼 fried fish with Tartar sauce

清煎鲤鱼 fried carp

火腿汁煎鱼 fried fish with ham sauce

俄式煎鱼 fish a la Russia

罐焖鱼 fish a la Duchesse

罐焖桂鱼 mandarin fish a la Duchesse

火锅鱼片 fish podjarka

火锅鱼虾 fish and prawns podjarka

火锅大虾 prawns podjarka

炭烧鱼串 fish shashlik

炭烧鱼段 fish chips shashlik

铁扒桂鱼 grilled mandarin fish

铁扒比目鱼 grilled turbot

奶油汁烤鱼 baked fish with cream sauce

鱼排 fish steak

奶油口蘑烤桂鱼 mandarin fish au gratin

奶酪口蘑烤鱼虾 fish and prawns au gratin

白汁蒸鱼 steamed fish with white

白酒汁蒸鱼 steamed fish with white wine

红酒蒸鱼 steamed fish with red wine

番茄汁蒸鱼 steamed fish tomato sauce

柠檬汁蒸鱼 steamed fish with lemon sauce

鸡蛋汁蒸鱼 steamed fish with egg sauce

口蘑汁蒸鱼 steamed fish with mushroom sauce

红汁蘑菇蒸鱼 steamed fish with mushrooms and brown sauce

番茄汁蘑菇蒸鱼 steamed fish with mushrooms and tomato sauce

波兰式蒸鱼 steamed fish a la Poland

土豆煮鱼 boiled fish with potatoes

黄油汁土豆煮鱼 boiled fish and potato with butter sauce

炸大虾 fried prawns

炸明虾 fried prawns

软煎大虾 soft-fried prawns

黄油汁煎大虾 fried prawns with butter sauce

罐焖大虾 prawns a la Duchesse

奶酪口蘑烤大虾 prawns au gratin

火腿奶酪炸大虾 fried prawns with ham and cheese

铁扒大虾 grilled prawns

大虾蛋奶酥 prawn souffle

5.素菜 vegetable dish

奶酪口蘑烤蔬菜 vegetables au gratin

黄油菜花 cauliflower with butter

黄油杂拌蔬菜 mixed vegetables with butter

菠菜卧果 spinach with poached egg

奶油汁烤口蘑 baked mushrooms with cream sauce

黄油炒口蘑 fried mushrooms with butter

黄油炒菠菜 fried spinach with butter

黄油炒豌豆 fried peas with butter

黄油炒青豆 fried green peas with butter

炒茄泥 fried mashed egg plants

炸茄子片 fried egg-plant slices

炸番茄 fried tomato

清煎土豆饼 fried potato cake

酿馅西葫芦 stuffed bottle gourd

焖洋白菜卷 braised cabbage rolls

家常焖洋白菜卷 braised cabbage rolls

烩茄子 stewed egg plants

奶油汁烩豌豆 stewed peas with cream sauce

扁豆炒蛋 omelette/omelet with green beans

咖哩素菜 curry vegetables

6.鸡鸭 chicken and duck

烤鸡 roast chicken

烤油鸡 roast chicken

素菜烤鸡 roast chicken with vegetables

棒棒鸡 bon bon chicken

煎鸡 fried chicken

炸笋鸡 fried spring chicken

炸鸡 deep-fried chicken

炸鸡肉串 fried chicken shashlik

鸡肝串 chicken liver shashlik

通心粉煮鸡 boiled chicken with macaroni

奶汁煮鸡 boiled chicken with cream sauce

铁扒笋鸡 grilled spring chicken

焖鸡 braised chicken

家常焖鸡 braised chicken in home style

黄油焖鸡 braised chicken with butter

黄油焖笋鸡 braised spring chicken with butter

黄油焖鸡腿 braised chicken legs with butter

红焖鸡块 braised chicken chips

火锅鸡 podjarka chicken

罐焖鸡 chicken a la Duchesse

罐焖笋鸡 spring chicken a la Duchesse

高加索焖鸡 chicken a la Caucasus

比利时烩鸡 Belgian stewed chicken

奶油烩鸡片 stewed chicken slices with cream

米饭烩鸡鸭 stewed chicken and duck with rice

奶油烩鸡饭 stewed chicken and rice with cream

咖哩鸡饭 curry chicken with rice

细面条白汁鸡腿 chicken legs with spaghet

西式冷餐 Western buffet

冷餐 buffet

1.冷菜 cold dish

1)沙拉 salad

沙拉 salad

色拉 salad

火腿沙拉 ham salad

鸡沙拉 chicken salad

鸡脯沙拉 chicken-breast salad

鸡丝沙拉 shredded chicken salad

鸡蛋沙拉 egg salad

鱼片沙拉 fish salad

虾仁沙拉 shrimp salad

大虾沙拉 prawn salad

蟹肉沙拉 crab salad

素沙拉 vegetable salad

蔬菜沙拉 vegetable salad

鲜蔬菜沙拉 fresh vegetable salad

黄瓜沙拉 cucumber salad

鲜黄瓜沙拉 fresh cucumber salad

奶油黄瓜沙拉 cucumber salad with cream

西红柿黄瓜沙拉 cucumber salad with tomato

西红柿沙拉 tomato salad

甜菜沙拉 beetroot salad

红菜头沙拉 beetroot salad

沙拉油 salad dressingmayonnaise

沙拉酱 salad dressingmayonnaise

2)肉 meat

冷杂拌肉 cold mixed meat

冷什锦肉 cold mixed meat

冷肉拼香肠 cold meat and sausage

冷火腿蔬菜 cold ham with vegetables

什锦肉冻 mixed meat jelly

肝泥 mashed liverlive paste

牛肝泥 mashed ox liverox liver paste

牛脑泥 mashed ox brainox brain paste

冷烤牛肉 cold roast beef

冷烤里脊 cold roast fillet

冷烤羔羊腿 cold roast lamb leg

冷烤猪肉 cold roast pork

冷烩茶肠 cold stewed sausage

冷茶肠 cold sausage

奶酪 cheese

3)鱼 fish

红烩鱼片 stewed fish slices with brown sauce

茄汁烩鱼片 stewed fish slices with tomato sauce

鸡蛋鲱鱼泥子 minced herring with eggs

鸡蛋托鲱鱼 herring on eggs

熏鲱鱼 smoked herring

熏鲤鱼 smoked carp

沙丁油鱼 sardines

鱼肉冻 fish jelly

酿馅鱼 stuffed fish

红鱼子酱 red caviar

黑鱼子酱 black caviar

大虾泥 minced prawns

蟹肉泥 minced crab meat

4)家禽 poultry

鸡肉冻 chicken jellychicken in aspic

水晶鸡 chicken in aspic

鸡肉泥 minced chicken meatchicken paste

鸡肝泥 minced chicken liverchicken liver paste

鸭肝泥 minced duck liverduck liver paste

酿馅鸡蛋 stuffed eggs

奶酪酿馅鸡蛋 stuffed eggs with cheese

酿馅鸡 stuffed chicken

冷烤油鸡蔬菜 cold roast chicken with vegetables

冷烤火鸡 cold roast turkey

冷烤山鸡 cold roast pheasant

冷烤野鸡 cold roast pheasant

冷烤鸭 cold roast duck

冷烤野鸭 cold roast wild duck

烤鸭冻粉 roast duck jelly

冷烤鹅 cold roast goose

冷烤野鹅 cold roast wild goose

5)素菜 vegetable dish

什锦蔬菜 assorted vegetables

红烩茄子 stewed egg-plant brown sauce

酿青椒 stuffed green pepper

酿西红柿 stuffed tomato

酸蘑菇 sour mushrooms

酸黄瓜 sour cucumberspickled cucumbers

泡菜 pickled cabbagesour and sweet cabbage

2.热小菜 appetizers

奶油烩香肠 stewed sausage with cream

红烩灌肠 stewed sausage with brown sauce

红酒汁烩腰花 stewed kidney with red wine； kidney with red wine

奶油烩腰花 stewed kidney with creamkidney with cream

芥末煎火腿豌豆 fried ham and peas with mustard

奶油煎火腿豌豆 fried ham and peas with cream

奶油汁煎牛肝 fried liver with cream sauceliver with cream sauce

鸡蛋汁煎鲱鱼 fried herring with egg sauce

奶酪口蘑烤鱼 fish au gratin

奶酪口蘑烤蟹肉 crab meat au gratin

奶油奶酪口蘑烤蟹肉 crab meat au gratin with cream

清煎鸡蛋 fried eggs

火腿煎蛋 fried eggs with hamham and eggs

火腿蛋 fried eggs with hamham and eggs

咸肉煎蛋 fried eggs with baconbacon and eggs

香肠煎蛋 fried eggs with sausagesausage and eggs

清炒鸡蛋 omelette/omelet

香肠炒蛋 sausage omelette/omelet

火腿炒蛋 ham omeletter/omelet

番茄炒蛋 tomato omelette/omelet

菜花沙蛋 cauliflower omelette/omelet

豌豆炒蛋 green peas omelette/omeletomelette/omelet with green peas

鲜蘑炒蛋 mushroom omelette/omeletomelette/omelet with mushrooms

果酱炒蛋 jam omelette/omeletomelette/omelet with jam

3.汤 soup

清汤 light soupclear soupconsomme

浓汤 thick souppotage

肉汤 broth

奶油火腿汤 creamed ham soupham soup with cream

奶油鸡茸汤 creamed mashed chicken soupmashed chicken soup with cream

奶油蟹肉汤 creamed crab meat soupcrab meat soup with cream

奶油口蘑解肉汤 creamed mushroom soup with crab meat

奶油大虾汤 creamed prawn soupprawn soup with cream

奶油鲍鱼汤 creamed abalone soupabalone soup with cream

奶油龙须菜汤 creamed asparagus soupasparagus soup with cream

奶油芦笋汤 creamed asparagus soupasparagus soup with cream

奶油菜花汤 creamed cauliflower soupcauliflower soup with cream

奶油口蘑汤 creamed mushroom soupmushroom soup with cream

奶油口蘑菜花汤 creamed mushroom soup with cauliflower

奶油西红柿汤 creamed tomato souptomato soup with cream

奶油蕃茄汤 creamed tomato souptomato soup with cream

奶油菠菜汤 creamed spinach soupspinach soup with cream

奶油菠菜泥汤 creamed mashed spinach soupmashed spinach soup with cream

奶油豌豆汤 creamed peas souppeas soup with cream

奶油豌豆泥汤 creamed mashed peas soupmashed peas soup with cream

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